作者：Chunqiu Hu | 维多利亚州执业律师 | HWC Legal Melbourne 最后更新：2026年9月
很多纠纷不是出在”生意好不好”，而是出在过户过程中被跳过的那几个法律细节 Subtitle: Most disputes don’t come from whether the business is good — they come from legal details skipped during the transfer
📌核心提醒：没有律师全程把关，你很可能在不知情的情况下背上隐藏债务、拿到一份根本转不了的租约、或者花钱买了一个其实不属于公司的商标。 Core point: without a lawyer overseeing the process, you could unknowingly inherit hidden debts, end up with a lease that can’t actually be transferred, or pay for a trademark that was never owned by the company in the first place.
一、第一个要决定的问题：买资产还是买股权The first decision: asset sale or share sale
📦 资产买卖（Asset Sale） 📦 Asset sale
买的是生意里具体的资产——设备、库存、客户名单、品牌使用权等，公司本身的法律实体不转移，通常更适合小型独立生意的交易，买家可以更精准地选择要买哪些部分、避开卖方公司原有的债务和法律责任。 This involves buying the specific assets of the business — equipment, stock, customer lists, brand usage rights — without transferring the underlying legal entity. This generally suits smaller, independent business transactions, letting the buyer selectively choose what to acquire while avoiding the seller’s existing company debts and liabilities.
📈 股权买卖（Share Sale） 📈 Share sale
买的是公司本身的股份，生意运营的法律实体不变，原有的合同、员工雇佣关系通常自动延续，但同时也意味着买家会连带承接公司此前的一切法律责任和潜在债务，风险相对更高，需要更彻底的尽职调查。 This involves buying shares in the company itself — the legal entity operating the business doesn’t change, so existing contracts and employment relationships generally continue automatically. But it also means the buyer inherits all of the company’s prior legal liabilities and potential debts — a higher-risk structure requiring much more thorough due diligence.
二、尽职调查：买家保护自己的核心环节Due diligence: the buyer’s core protection
💰 财务尽调 💰 Financial due diligence
核实营业额、利润、税务申报是否一致，通常由买方的会计师主导完成。 Verifying that turnover, profit, and tax lodgements are consistent — generally led by the buyer’s accountant.
⚖️ 法律尽调 ⚖️ Legal due diligence
包括公司架构、各类合同是否可转让、员工情况、是否存在诉讼、知识产权归属、租约条款、各类营业执照的转让条件——这部分建议由律师主导完成。 Covering the company structure, whether contracts can be assigned, employee arrangements, pending disputes, intellectual property ownership, lease terms, and the conditions for transferring business licences — this part is best led by a lawyer.
🏢 运营和监管尽调 🏢 Operational and regulatory due diligence
包括客户集中度、供应商安排、行业相关的特定审批要求。 Covering customer concentration, supplier arrangements, and any industry-specific regulatory approvals required.
⚠️ 一个真实常见的坑：商标不在公司名下 ⚠️ A genuinely common pitfall: the trademark isn’t owned by the company
很多小生意在尽调过程中才被发现，商标其实登记在某位董事或者关联个体名下，而不是运营公司本身——如果买家没查出这一点，很可能花钱买了一个法律上根本转不到自己名下的品牌。 Many small businesses only discover during due diligence that their trademark is actually registered to a director or a related individual — not the operating company itself. If a buyer misses this, they may end up paying for a brand that, legally, was never transferable in the first place.
三、维州特有的规定：Section 52声明书A Victoria-specific requirement: the Section 52 Statement
📋 什么情况下需要 📋 When it’s required
在维州，出售价值通常在45万澳元以下的小生意，法律要求卖方提供一份”Section 52声明书”——这是一份由会计师核实过的财务”快照”，帮助买家了解生意真实的财务状况。 In Victoria, sellers of small businesses generally valued under $450,000 are legally required to provide a “Section 52 Statement” — an accountant-verified financial “snapshot” that helps the buyer understand the business’s true financial position.
四、合同里必须谈清楚的关键条款Key terms the contract must clearly address
📝 具体卖的是什么 📝 What’s actually being sold
明确列出资产清单或者股份份额，避免后续对”到底包不包括这个设备/这个客户名单”产生争议。 A clear list of assets or shareholding, avoiding later disputes over whether a specific piece of equipment or a customer list was included.
如果生意经营场地是租来的，租约转让通常需要房东正式同意，这一步经常是整个交易里耗时最长的环节之一，建议尽早启动，不要等到快交割才处理。 If the business operates from leased premises, transferring the lease generally requires formal landlord consent — this is often one of the most time-consuming steps in the entire transaction. It’s worth starting this process early, not leaving it until close to settlement.
📜 各类执照和许可的转让 📜 Transferring licences and permits
比如酒牌、特许经营授权、行业相关执照，具体转让条件因执照类型而异，需要提前确认清楚。 Such as liquor licences, franchise approvals, or industry-specific permits — the transfer conditions vary by licence type and need to be confirmed in advance.
🔍 PPSR查册（确认没有隐藏债务担保） 🔍 PPSR search (confirming no hidden security interests)
在正式交割前，一定要通过个人财产担保登记系统（PPSR）查询，确认生意的资产上没有被登记为其他债务的担保物——如果没查这一步，买家可能在毫不知情的情况下背上原本属于卖方的债务风险。 Before settlement, it’s essential to search the Personal Property Securities Register (PPSR) to confirm the business’s assets aren’t registered as security for someone else’s debt. Skipping this step can leave a buyer unknowingly exposed to a debt risk that was really the seller’s.
👥 员工安排 👥 Employee arrangements
资产买卖中，员工通常需要由买方重新提供雇佣合同，原有的应得福利（比如累计年假）需要在合同里明确谁来承担；股权买卖中，原有雇佣关系一般会随公司自动延续，不受所有权变化影响。 In an asset sale, employees generally need to be offered new employment contracts by the buyer, with existing entitlements (such as accrued leave) needing to be clearly addressed in the contract as to who bears the cost. In a share sale, existing employment relationships generally continue automatically with the company, unaffected by the change in ownership.
🚫 限制竞争条款（Restraint of Trade） 🚫 Restraint of trade clauses
合同里通常会约定卖方在一定时间、一定区域内不能开设同类竞争生意，具体范围需要谈判清楚，避免条款过于宽泛而在日后无法执行，或者过于宽松而起不到保护作用。 The contract typically includes a clause restricting the seller from opening a competing business within a certain time period and geographic area. The specific scope needs careful negotiation — too broad and it may be unenforceable later, too narrow and it won’t offer real protection.
五、大致流程时间线The general timeline
📅 通常需要多久 📅 How long it typically takes
从初步意向到正式交割，大多数交易大概需要4到12周，具体时长很大程度上取决于尽职调查的复杂程度，以及房东、加盟方等第三方给出同意的速度。 From initial intent to formal settlement, most transactions take roughly 4 to 12 weeks — the exact duration largely depends on how complex the due diligence is, and how quickly third parties (such as landlords or franchisors) provide their consent.
六、我们能帮你做什么 六、What we can help with
✅ 全程协助买卖双方完成过户 ✅ Assisting both buyers and sellers through the full transfer process
我们可以协助起草和审核买卖合同、协调租约转让、处理各类执照转让手续、完成PPSR查册，以及交割当天的文件和资金交接协调，确保整个过户流程合法合规、权责清晰。 We can assist with drafting and reviewing the sale contract, coordinating lease assignment, handling licence transfer procedures, conducting PPSR searches, and coordinating document and fund exchange on settlement day — ensuring the whole transfer process is legally compliant with clear responsibilities.
❓常见问题 FAQ
Q1：买生意应该选资产买卖还是股权买卖？ Should I structure a business purchase as an asset sale or a share sale? A：没有统一答案，资产买卖通常更适合小型独立生意，能更精准地避开卖方原有的债务和法律责任；股权买卖风险相对更高，需要更彻底的尽职调查，具体选择建议结合你的实际情况咨询律师和会计师。 There’s no one-size-fits-all answer — asset sales generally suit smaller, independent businesses and better avoid the seller’s existing debts and liabilities, while share sales carry higher risk and need more thorough due diligence. The right choice depends on your specific circumstances — worth discussing with both a lawyer and an accountant.
Q2：Section 52声明书是什么，什么情况下需要？ What is a Section 52 Statement, and when is it required? A：这是维州法律要求的一份财务快照文件，适用于出售价值通常在45万澳元以下的小生意，由会计师核实，帮助买家了解生意真实财务状况。 It’s a financial snapshot document required under Victorian law for businesses generally valued under $450,000, verified by an accountant, helping buyers understand the business’s true financial position.
Q3：租约一定能顺利转让吗？ Can a lease always be successfully transferred? A：不一定，通常需要房东正式同意，这一步经常耗时较长，建议在交易早期就启动，避免拖到交割前才发现租约转让存在障碍。 Not necessarily — it generally requires formal landlord consent, and this step often takes time. It’s worth starting early in the transaction, rather than discovering obstacles close to settlement.
Q4：为什么一定要做PPSR查册？ Why is a PPSR search essential? A：可以确认生意的资产上是否被登记为其他债务的担保物，如果不查，买家可能在不知情的情况下背上原本属于卖方的债务风险。 It confirms whether the business’s assets are registered as security for someone else’s debt. Without this check, a buyer could unknowingly inherit a debt risk that was really the seller’s.
Q5：整个买卖流程大概需要多久？ How long does the whole sale/purchase process typically take? A：大多数交易大概需要4到12周，具体时长取决于尽职调查复杂程度，以及房东、加盟方等第三方同意的速度。 Most transactions take roughly 4 to 12 weeks, depending on the complexity of due diligence and how quickly third parties such as landlords or franchisors provide consent.
如果你正在考虑买入或卖出一门小生意，欢迎联系HWC Legal，我们可以协助你完成从尽职调查到正式过户的全流程。 If you’re considering buying or selling a small business, contact HWC Legal — we can assist you through the full process, from due diligence to formal transfer.
参考资料：Sale of Land Act 1962 (Vic)；Fair Trading Act 1999 (Vic)第52条；Personal Property Securities Register公开政策指引 Reference: Sale of Land Act 1962 (Vic); Fair Trading Act 1999 (Vic) s52; Personal Property Securities Register published guidance
